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IMPIANTI PER VIGNETI: tipologie, caratteristiche e vantaggi
ALLARME CIMICI: come proteggere il frutteto?
Giugno 7, 2021
Come scegliere il sistema di irrigazione?
Giugno 21, 2021
IMPIANTO GDC
Il GDC è una forma di allevamento della vite, detta anche Doppia cortina, che si rifà alla Cortina semplice, ovvero un sistema che consente di meccanizzare completamente le operazioni di potatura e di vendemmia e che si adatta a piante con gemme basali molto fertili e con varietà erette.
La Cortina semplice è formata da un cordone orizzontale disposto a 120, 150 cm dal terreno che si sostiene su un unico filo mobile, mentre il GDC segue le stesse caratteristiche permettendo lo sdoppiamento del cordone su due, tre fili che si alzano anche a 170 cm dal suolo. In tal modo la vegetazione può ricadere verso il basso, mantenendo inalterato il suo vigore e consentendo una buona illuminazione dei grappoli.
Vantaggi
Il sistema GDC permette la meccanizzazione della vendemmia e della potatura; garantisce una produzione elevata e richiede una bassa disponibilità idrica. Come già detto al primo paragrafo, permette anche di mantenere inalterato il vigore della pianta e favorisce la buona illuminazione dei grappoli. Utilizzato negli Stati Uniti fino alla fine degli anni ’70, il GDC (Geneve Double Courtain), si è successivamente diffuso anche in Italia dove sono state introdotte delle modiche alla struttura iniziale del sistema di allevamento per potenziare l’utilizzo delle macchine per la potatura e la vendemmia. Le macchine vendemmiatrici, infatti, nel GDC, possono operare lo scuotimento verticale che permette una minore perdita di mosto e una migliore qualità del prodotto rispetto a quello orizzontale. Nel sistema GDC realizzato secondo i moderni canoni colturali, i due cordoni danno vita ad una produzione rivolta verso l’alto, ben soleggiata, mentre la vegetazione dei tralci, derivati dagli speroni, ricade verso il basso perchè non sorretta da fili di sostegno.
IMPIANTO A SPALLIERA o GUYOT
Gli impianti a spalliera si avvalgono del supporto di pali e fili per realizzare una sorta di reticolo sulla quale i tralci vengono fatti crescere parallelamente al terreno, in una stessa direzione. Questo garantisce al tralcio spazio, aria e soprattutto sole.
Il vigneto a spalliera è anche detto Guyot, da Jules Guyot, il viticoltore francese che nel XIX secolo per primo ha formalizzato quello che in realtà è un tipo di impianto di vigna molto antico. L’impianto del vigneto prevede un tronco verticale con un unico tralcio a frutto di minimo 8, massimo 10 gemme di lunghezza, che viene disposto orizzontalmente sul filo (si sviluppa quindi parallelamente al terreno): è il Guyot semplice.
Il Guyot semplice prevede anche che sullo sperone vengano lasciate una o due gemme necessarie per la produzione dell’anno successivo. Una volta cadute le foglie, in pieno inverno, si effettua la potatura: si elimina il tralcio che ha fruttificato (taglio del passato), si seleziona il nuovo tralcio (taglio del presente) e si lascia uno sperone con una o due gemme (taglio del futuro). Il Guyot doppio, invece, usa sempre l’impianto a spalliera ma prevede la messa a frutto di due tralci anziché di uno soltanto.
Gli impianti vigneti a spalliera sono realizzati con pali in cemento, in ferro e in acciaio zincato disposti a circa 5 metri di distanza uno dall’altro, inseriti nel terreno per almeno 70 centimetri e con una parte fuori terra di almeno 150 centimetri.
Il primo filo (filo portante), viene posizionato da 80 centimetri a un metro da terra: è quello che accoglie il tralcio a frutto.
A distanza di circa 30 centimetri si trovano poi delle coppie di fili che servono ad accogliere la vegetazione e favorire lo sviluppo verso l’alto, consentendo una distribuzione ordinata del fogliame e dei frutti.
Infine, al culmine dei pali si può inserire o meno un ultimo filo orizzontale come ulteriore supporto alla vegetazione.
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